MESSIER OBJECT CATALOGUE M81 to M110

This post is a contd. of previous post. You can navigate to previous post which tells about M51 to M80  in the Messier Object catalogue.

 

http://koarc.blogspot.in/2014/02/messier-object-catalogue-m51-to-m80.html

from the above link you can navigate to the previous post.

Lets go for M81 to M110

 

MESSIER OBJECT CATALOGUE

M81 to M110

 

M81 Galaxy in Ursa Major
Common Names: Bode's Galaxy
NGC Number: 3031
Visual Magnitude: 6.9 

The constellation of Ursa Major is the site of a beautiful spiral galaxy known as M81. This is one of the easiest and most rewarding galaxies for the amateur astronomer. It is a bright object, at magnitude 6.8, and can be easily located with any optical instrument. Some say it can be spotted with the naked under dark skies and ideal observing conditions. M81 is the brightest member of a group of galaxies called the M81 group. This galaxy is believed to have interacted with its close neighbor, M82, at some point in the past. It was also the site of a supernova explosion in 1993. M81 is located approximately 12 million light-years from Earth.  

M82 Galaxy in Ursa Major
Common Names: Cigar Galaxy
NGC Number: 3034
Visual Magnitude: 8.4 

M82 is another member of the M81 group of galaxies found in the region of Ursa Major. This object is officially classified as an irregular galaxy. Its shape contains no discernable structure. It is believed that this galaxy's core has suffered from a close encounter with its neighbor, M81. The elongated shape of this galaxy has earned it the name Cigar Galaxy. M82 is a strong source of infrared radiation. In fact, it is the brightest galaxy in the sky in infrared light. This galaxy is located about 12 million light-years from Earth.. 

M83 Galaxy in Hydra
Common Names: Southern Pinwheel
NGC Number: 5236
Visual Magnitude: 7.6

In the constellation Hydra can be found a spectacular face-on spiral galaxy. This is M83, the Southern Pinwheel Galaxy. It earned its name from the distinct pinwheel shape of its long spiral arms. Color photographs of this galaxy reveal a wide range of colors from the yellow central core of old stars to the blue spiral arms of young stars. Several red knots can also be seen. These are gaseous nebulae where active star formation is taking place. Dark lanes of dust are also visible throughout the galaxy's disk. M83 is situated about 15 million light-years from Earth. It is receding from us at around 337 km/sec. This galaxy has been the site of six supernovae, which is more than any other Messier galaxy. It was also the first galaxy to be discovered beyond the local group.  

M84 Galaxy in Virgo
Common Names: None
NGC Number: 4374
Visual Magnitude: 9.1

The constellation Virgo is the location of a small and dim galaxy known as M84. It was originally thought to be an elliptical galaxy. But more recent evidence suggests that is it actually a face-on lenticular galaxy. Lenticular galaxies are characterized by a disk shape with no conspicuous structure. M84 is a member of the Virgo cluster of galaxies, which contains a total of 16 galaxies in the Messier catalog. This galaxy was the site of a supernova in 1957 and two others in 1980 and 1991. It is located about 60 million light-years from Earth. With a magnitude of only 9.1, it is best suited for viewing with a large telescope. 

M85 Galaxy in Coma Berenices
Common Names: None
NGC Number: 4382
Visual Magnitude: 9.1 

Coma Berenices is the home of M85, a lenticular galaxy that is part of the Virgo cluster of galaxies. It is very similar in appearance and brightness to M84. It was the site of a supernova in 1960 that reached a magnitude of 11.7. This galaxy is located some 60 million light-years from Earth and is believed to have a diameter of around 125,000 light-years. It appears to be composed almost entirely of old yellow stars and is receding from us at about 700 km/sec. As with M84, this galaxy is a disappointing sight in anything but a large telescope.  

M86 Galaxy in Virgo
Common Names: None
NGC Number: 4406
Visual Magnitude: 8.9 

Yet another lenticular galaxy to be found in the Virgo cluster is M86. This is a large, bright object that some believe may actually be an elliptical galaxy. It is surrounded by an extremely faint system of globular clusters. M86 is located at the heart of the Virgo cluster and lies about 60 million light-years from Earth. It forms a close group with another large galaxy, M84. Unlike many of the other galaxies in this cluster, M86 is actually approaching us at the blinding speed of 1500 km/sec. It is believed that the high gravitational field of this massive cluster of galaxies is responsible for M86's unusually high velocity. At magnitude 8.9 this galaxy can be located with binoculars on a good night, but the best observing will be done with a telescope.  

M87 Galaxy in Virgo
Common Names: Virgo A
NGC Number: 4486
Visual Magnitude: 8.6

The constellation Virgo is the site of an elliptical galaxy known as M87. This galaxy is also a member of the famous Virgo cluster of galaxies. It is located about 60 million light-years from Earth and has a diameter of around 120,000 light-years. M87 lies within the heart of the Virgo cluster. It is well known for huge system of globular clusters that can be easily seen on long exposure photographs. This galaxy also features an unusual jet of gaseous material that extends out thousands of light-years. A supernova explosion occurred in this galaxy in 1919 but was not discovered until 1922 when it discovered on photographs of the galaxy.  

M88 Galaxy in Coma Berenices
Common Names: None
NGC Number: 4501
Visual Magnitude: 9.6 

One of the brighter members of the Virgo cluster is the spiral galaxy, M88. Located about 60 million light-years from Earth, this galaxy is inclined approximately 30 degrees to our line of sight. This gives it an elongated visual appearance, which resembles that of the Andromeda Galaxy, M31. M88 is believed to be nearly 130,000 light-years in diameter and is receding away from us at about 2000 km/sec. This is one of the more rewarding galaxies in the Virgo cluster for observers using small instruments. A large telescope will bring out some of the more subtle details.  

M89 Galaxy in Virgo
Common Names: None
NGC Number: 4552
Visual Magnitude: 9.8 

M89 is also a member of the incredible Virgo cluster of galaxies. This is an elliptical galaxy and is almost exactly circular in appearance. It is not known if it is actually circular in shape or if it is an elliptical in shape viewed end-on. This galaxy is unusual in that is appears to be surrounded by a type of enveloping structure which extends 150,000 light-years from the galaxy. It also features a jet-like structure that extends over 100,000 light-years. M89 is located some 60 million light-years from Earth. At a magnitude of only 9.8, it is best suited for viewing with a large telescope. 

M90 Galaxy in Virgo
Common Names: None
NGC Number: 4569
Visual Magnitude: 9.5 

Also found in the constellation of Virgo is a spiral galaxy known as M90. This is one of the larger spiral galaxies in the Virgo cluster. It is located about 60 million light-years from Earth and is approaching us at a speed of 383 km/sec. Its visual appearance is that of a tightly wound spiral with smooth, bright spiral arms. It is believed that the only active star formation is taking place within the dark dust lanes near the center of the galaxy. M90 has a visual magnitude of only 9.5, making it a tough target for binocular observers. Large telescopes will provide the best viewing. 

M91 Galaxy in Coma Berenices
Common Names: None
NGC Number: 4548
Visual Magnitude: 10.2 

Located in the constellation of Coma Berenices is a small, dim galaxy known as M91. Until recently, this galaxy had been missing. Messier's notes had given the wrong position for this object. An amateur astronomer from Texas finally figured out its true location in 1969. This galaxy is classified as a barred spiral. The center part of the galaxy displays a prominent bar-shape, which can be seen even in small telescopes. M91 is a member of the Virgo cluster of galaxies and it located about 60 million light-years from Earth. It is receding from us at a rate of 400 km/sec. With a magnitude of only 10.2 it is best observed with a large telescope. 

M92 Globular Cluster in Hercules
Common Names: None
NGC Number: 6341
Visual Magnitude: 6.4

The constellation of Hercules is the site of a globular cluster known as M92. This cluster is located about 26,000 light-years from Earth and has a diameter of around 85 light-years. It is believed to be around 16 billion years old and is approaching us at a rate of 112 km/sec. This is an outstanding object, and with a magnitude of 6.4, it can actually be seen with the naked eye on a dark night. It is a prime candidate for observing with binoculars. A telescope will be able to resolve the individual stars in the cluster.  

M93 Galactic Cluster in Puppis
Common Names: None
NGC Number: 2447
Visual Magnitude: 6.0 

M93 is an open cluster of stars located within the Puppis constellation. This is a small but bright cluster with a visual magnitude of 6. Its visual appearance has been said to resemble that of a butterfly. Some have even identified it with a starfish. The cluster contains about 80 stars scattered over a distance of around 25 light-years. The brightest of these stars are blue giants. M93 is believed to be located some 3,600 light-years from Earth. Its can easily be seen with a pair of binoculars. A small telescope will reveal more of the clusters fainter stars. 

M94 Galaxy in Canes Venatici
Common Names: None
NGC Number: 4736
Visual Magnitude: 8.2 

In the constellation of Leo, the lion, can be found an interesting spiral galaxy known as M94. This galaxy has an extremely bright inner region, surrounded by a ring of active star-forming regions. Color photographs of the galaxy reveals the blue colors of these young stars. Another region of moderate star formation is also visible. The distance of this galaxy is not well known, but best estimates place it at about 15 million light-years from us. With a magnitude of 8.2, it can be found with binoculars. Telescopes will reveal much more detail in this galaxy. 

M95 Galaxy in Leo
Common Names: None
NGC Number: 3351
Visual Magnitude: 9.7

Leo is also the constellation in which the spiral galaxy, M95, can be found. It is a member of a small group of galaxies known as the M96 group. This is a barred spiral galaxy with a visual magnitude of 9.7. It is located about 38 million light-years from Earth. Visually, it shows a definite bar-shaped center with nearly circular spiral arms. Because of this, it has also been referred to as a ringed galaxy. This is not a very bright object, and may be a difficult target for binoculars. 

M96 Galaxy in Leo
Common Names: None
NGC Number: 3368
Visual Magnitude: 9.2

Yet another galaxy to be seen in the constellation of Leo is M96. It is the brightest member of the M96 group of galaxies, with a visual magnitude of 9.2. This object is located about 38 million light-years from Earth and has a diameter of around 100,000 light-years. Visually it has a bright inner disk composed of old yellow stars surrounded by blue knots of young stars. It is inclined about 35 degrees to our line of sight, which gives it a slightly elongated appearance. 

M97 Planetary Nebula in Ursa Major
Common Names: Owl Nebula
NGC Number: 3587
Visual Magnitude: 9.9 

The constellation of Ursa Major is the location of the famous Owl Nebula, M97. This planetary nebula got its name from the two round dark regions, which resemble the eyes of an owl. It is one of the fainter objects in the Messier catalog with a magnitude of only 9.9. The structure of M97 is unusually complex for a planetary nebula. It is illuminated by a 16th-magnitude star at its center. As with most planetary nebulae, its distance is not certain. Best guesses place it at about 2,600 light-years from Earth. This dim object requires a large telescope for any serious viewing.  

M98 Galaxy in Coma Berenices
Common Names: None
NGC Number: 4192
Visual Magnitude: 10.1 

M98 is a small, dim galaxy located in the constellation of Coma Berenices. It is a member of the Virgo cluster of galaxies, which contains a total of 16 galaxies from the Messier catalog. It is one of the most difficult galaxies in the cluster to observe. Some astronomers believe that this could actually be a foreground object and not actually a member of the cluster, but there is no compelling evidence to support this claim. It is located about 60 million light-years from Earth and is approaching us at a rate of 1200 km/sec. M98 is a spiral galaxy situated nearly edge-on to our line of sight. This gives it an extremely elongated shape. It is best viewed with a large telescope. 

M99 Galaxy in Coma Berenices
Common Names: None
NGC Number: 4254
Visual Magnitude: 9.9 

Another Virgo cluster member in Coma Berenices is a spiral galaxy known as M99. It is unusual in appearance in that its shape is very asymmetric. It is believed that this asymmetric shape is the result of a recent encounter of another member of the Virgo cluster. It is located about 60 million light-years from Earth and is receding from us at an unusually high rate of 2324 km/sec. Three supernovae have been observed in this galaxy. One was seen in 1967 while two other occurred in 1972 and 1986. With a magnitude of only 9.9, this galaxy may be a difficult find for the binocular observer. Large telescopes will provide the best views.  

M100 Galaxy in Coma Berenices
Common Names: None
NGC Number: 4321
Visual Magnitude: 9.3 

M100 is one of the brightest members of the Virgo cluster of galaxies. It is located in the constellation of Coma Berenices and is a beautiful example of a nearly face-on spiral galaxy. Visually, this galaxy has two bright spiral arms and several fainter arms. Color photographs reveal the young blue stars in these spiral arms. The galaxy has a slightly asymmetric shape, which may be the result of interaction with neighboring galaxies. M100 can be located with a pair of binoculars, although the best detail can be seen with a large telescope 

M101 Galaxy in Ursa Major
Common Names: Pinwheel Galaxy
NGC Number: 5457
Visual Magnitude: 7.9 

The constellation of Ursa Major is the site of a spiral galaxy known as M101. This a nearly face-on spiral with a bright center and symmetric shape. It is located about 27 million light-years from Earth. With an estimated linear diameter of over 170,000 light-years, this is one of the largest disk galaxies known. M101 is a bright object with a magnitude of 7.9. It is easily visible in binoculars and small telescopes, but an instrument larger than 4-inches is required to see any evidence of the galaxy's faint spiral arms.  

M102 Galaxy in Draco
Common Names: None
NGC Number: 5866
Visual Magnitude: 9.9 

M102 is the last of the "missing" Messier objects. There is some uncertainty as to whether the galaxy pictured here is M102. Due to an 18th century error, M101 may have been misclassified as M102. It is widely believed that M102 may be a lenticular galaxy located in the constellation Draco. It is a dim object with a visual magnitude of only 9.9 and can be hard to find without dark skies and ideal observing conditions.  

M103 Galactic Cluster in Cassiopeia
Common Names: None
NGC Number: 581
Visual Magnitude: 7.4 

M103 is one of the latest additions to the Messier catalog. It was discovered by Pierre Mechain and included in the catalog before Messier had a chance to observe it directly. It was also the last object to be included in the first publication of Messier's catalog. This is an open cluster of stars situated in the constellation of Cassiopeia. It consists of about 40 stars located some 8,000 light-years from Earth. Visually, M103 is said to form an arrowhead shape. This bright cluster is an easy target for a pair of binoculars.  

M104 Galaxy in Virgo
Common Names: Sombrero Galaxy
NGC Number: 4594
Visual Magnitude: 8.0 

The famous sombrero galaxy is located within the constellation of Virgo. Its designation is M104. This edge-on spiral galaxy got its name from the sombrero hat-like appearance. It is the first object in the catalog that was not included in the original publication. Messier added it by hand to his personal copy in 1781. M104 is characterized by a dark dust lane that spans the length of the galaxy's disk. It is located about 50 million light-years from Earth. This object can be located with binoculars but is best seen in a 4-inch or larger telescope.  

M105 Galaxy in Leo
Common Names: None
NGC Number: 3379
Visual Magnitude: 9.3 

M105 is the brightest member of a group of galaxies in the constellation of Leo known as the M96 group. It is an elliptical galaxy located about 38 million light-years from Earth. This object was discovered by Pierre Mechain in 1781. It was found 3 days earlier than M101 but was not included in the original publication of Messier's catalog. With a visual magnitude of only 9.3, this galaxy is best observed in a 4-inch or larger telescope.

M106 Galaxy in Canes Venatici
Common Names: None
NGC Number: 4258
Visual Magnitude: 8.4 

Canes Venatici is the home of spiral galaxy known as M106. It is located about 25 million light-years from Earth and is receding from us at the rate of 537 km/sec. This galaxy is rotated to our line of sight, which gives is an elongated appearance. In color photographs, the spiral arms end in bright blue knots. These are believed to be young star clusters composed of giant, hot blue stars. M106 can be spotted in binoculars but requires a small telescope to reveal any details. 

M107 Globular Cluster in Ophiuchus
Common Names: None
NGC Number: 6171
Visual Magnitude: 7.9

In the constellation Ophiuchus lies a globular cluster of stars known as M107. It was discovered by Messier's colleague, Pierre Mechain, in 1782 and was not included in the original publication of the catalog. It is located about 20,000 light-years from Earth and is believed to have a diameter of around 60 light-years. This cluster is approaching us at a rate of about 147 km/sec. It can be easily found with binoculars and is an impressive sight in a 4-inch telescope at medium magnification.

M108 Galaxy in Ursa Major
Common Names: None
NGC Number: 3556
Visual Magnitude: 10.0 

M108 is a spiral galaxy located in the constellation of Ursa Major. It is oriented nearly edge-on to our line of sight, which gives it an elongated visual appearance. This galaxy is unusual in that is has no pronounced central core and the disk is mottled with dark dust lanes. Its distance from Earth is believed to be about 45 million light-years. In spite of this galaxy's visual magnitude of only 10, it is considered an easy target for amateur astronomers. Its details can be seen even in small instruments.

M109 Galaxy in Ursa Major
Common Names: None
NGC Number: 3992
Visual Magnitude: 9.8 

The constellation Ursa Major is the site of a spiral galaxy called M109. It is classified as a barred spiral. The elongated shape of its central core can be seen even in small instruments. This galaxy is located about 55 million light-years from Earth and is believed to be receding from us at a whopping 1142 km/sec. It was the site of a supernova in 1956 that reached a magnitude of 12.8. M109 is easily visible in small instruments where its bright central region appears pear-shaped. Larger instruments will reveal more detail.  

M110 Galaxy in Andromeda
Common Names: None
NGC Number: 205
Visual Magnitude: 8.5 

The last object in the Messier catalog is an elliptical galaxy in the constellation of Andromeda. It is the second brighter of the two satellite galaxies of M31, the Andromeda galaxy. All three of these galaxies are members of the local group. M110 was discovered by Messier in 1783 when he discovered M31, but it was not included in his catalog at the time. It is located about 2.9 million light-years from Earth. At magnitude 8.5, it can easily be found with binoculars. It is an impressive sight in a 4-inch or larger telescope.